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“为害”与“危害”

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・54・ 枢物镶 2010 特异性引物进行抗性小菜蛾cDNA全长克隆和功 L10]Syed T S,Abro G H,Ahmed S Efficacy of different insecti— 能表达,比较其抗性和敏感种群的氨基酸差异,从分 cides against PlutelIa xylostella under field conditions[J]. 子水平明确小菜蛾GluC1功能亚基的分子性质,为 Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,2004,7(1):10一l3. [11]Campbell W C.Ivermeetin:an update[J].Parasitol Today, 研究小菜蛾对阿维菌素类杀虫剂抗性靶标不敏感的 1985,1(1):10—16. 分子机制奠定基础。 [12]Shoop W L,Mrozik H,Fisher M H.Structure and actvity of 参考文献 avermectins and milbemycins in animal health[J].Veterinry Parasitology,1995,59(2):139—156. [1] Gration K A,Clark R B,Usherwood P N.Three types of L- E13]Kane N S,Hirschberg B,Qian S,et a1.Drug-resistant Dro— sophila indicate glutamate—gated chloride channels are targets glutamate receptor on junctional membrane of locust muscle fibres[J].Brain Research,1979,171(2):360—364. for the antiparasitics nodulisporic acid and ivermectin[J]. [2] Patlak J B,Gration K A,Usherwood P N.Single glutamate- PNAS,2000,97(25):13949—13954. activated channels in locust muscle[J].Nature,1979,278:643 [14]Tamura K,Dudley J,Nei M,et a1.MEGA4:molecular evolu— ware version 4.0[J]. 645. tionary genetics analysis(MEGA)softMol Biol Evol,2007,24:1596—15991. [3] Uitsch A,Schuster C M,Laube B,et a1.Glutamate receptors [15]Cully D F,Wilkinson H,Vassilatis D K,et a1.Molecular biol— of Drosophila melanogaster:cloning of a kainite-selective sub— ogy and electrophysio1ogy of glutamate-gated chloride channels unit expressed in the central nervous system[J].Proc Natl of invertebrates_J].Parasitology,1996,113:S191一¥2o0. AcadSciUSA,1992,89(21):10484—10488. [16]Cully D F,Paress P F, u K K,et a1.Identification of a Dro— [4] Cleland T八Inhibitory glutamate receptor channels[J].Mol sophila melanogaster glutamate-gated channd sensitive to the Neurobiol,1996,13:97—136. antiparasitic agent avermec ̄in[J]. e American Society for Bio— r-s] 吴青君,张友军,徐宝云.抑制性谷氨酸受体(IG1uRs)通道及 chemistry and Molecular Biology,1996,271:20187—20191. 其相关杀虫剂的作用口].农药学学报,2008,10(3):251—259. r17]Eguchi Y,Ihata M,Ochi E,et a1.Functional characterization [6] Bloomquist J R Chloride channels as tools for developing selective of Musca glutamate-and GABA-gated chloride channels insecticides_J].ArchInsectBiochemPhysiol,2003,54:145—156. expressed independently and coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes [7] Zhao X L,Yeh J Z,Salgado V L,et a1.Fipronil is a potent 口].Insect Molecular Biology,2006,15(6):773—783. open channel blocker of glutamate-activated chloride channels [18]Janssen D,Derst C,Buckinx R,et a1.Dorsal unpaired median in cockroach neurons[J].Journal of Pharmacology and Exper neurons of Locusta migratoria express ivermectin and fipronil— imental Therapeutics,2004,314(1):363—373. sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channels[J].Journal of [8] Smith M M,Warren V A,Thomas B S,et a1.Nodulisporic Neurophysiology,2007,97:2642—2650. acid opens insect glutamate-gated chloride channels:identifica— [19]李腾武,高希武,郑炳宗,等.小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性遗传分 tion of a new high affinity modulator[J].Biochemistry,2000, 析及交互抗性研究_J].植物保护,1999,25(6):12—14. 39(18):5543—5554. [2O]吴青君,张文吉,张友军,等.表皮穿透和GABAA受体不敏 [9] 吴青君,张文吉,朱国仁.小菜蛾的发生为害特点及抗药性现 感性在小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性中的作用口].昆虫学报,2002, 状[J].中国蔬菜,2001(5):49—51. 45(3):336—340. 星 ,霜 1U ̄,-ilt.护 匿 “为害"与“危害" “为害”与“危害”是一对近义词,都含有使受害和损害的意思,在农业书刊中颇为常见,但用法很不统一,似有必要做一点 词义辨析的工作。 “为害”一词中的“为”相当于“使”,古代就有这种用法。《左传・昭公二十年》:“今君疾病,为诸侯忧”。此处的“为”即相当 于现代汉语的“使”。由“为害”组成的合成词,通指“加害于”、“使…受到损害”,用作动词,它所强调的是行为的本身,而不在其 结果。这种行为涉及的对象,以动植物居多。例如: 甘蔗长蝽是为害甘蔗、芦苇等禾本科植物的害虫。 柑橘木蛾幼虫的为害状与卷叶蛾相似。 “危害”也可以用作动词,表示损害的行为,但它着眼于行为的结果,程度比“为害”深,语意比“为害”重,其行为涉及的对 象,可以是人和其他事物。因此,在下列句子中常用“危害”: 大量使用含汞的农药,危害人、畜安全。 中国许多地区,黑刺粉虱对柑橘的危害比较严重。 “危害”不同于“为害”的另一点是,它兼作名词,构成“造成危害”之类的动宾结构,或后缀“性”构成“危害性”之类的名词, 而“为害”没有这种用法。 中国农业百科全书编辑部 莫容 原载于《植物保护}1985,11(3):16 

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