(英语)高一英语阅读理解(社会文化)试题经典及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解社会文化类

1．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Moscow city authorities have begun using comics (漫画) with characters from Russian fairy tales to explain to migrants (移民) how they should behave. They say a 100-page guide is needed to \"keep a positive image\" of the city and could help reduce \"tensions\" between natives and migrants. But critics have pointed out that foreign migrants and natives may be regarded as antagonists in the manual (手册).

Russians and migrants have repeatedly flooded in Moscow recently. Many migrants from ex-Soviet republics in Central Asia, the Caucasus (高加索) and North Caucasus, arrive in Moscow every year, attracted by the capital's job opportunities and relatively high salaries. A significant number of them work in the Russian capital illegally.

The new guide in Russian seeks to explain the \"dos\" and \"don'ts\" to migrants. They are urged not to cause trouble, by staring at women, or eating or talking loudly on the streets. They are also warned that the police may routinely (例行公事) stop them to check their documents. In the manual, Russia's famous \"three warriors\" are meant to represent the city's law enforcement agencies (执法机关), while Prince Yuri Dolgoruky (a historical character) is used for tours around Moscow. Meanwhile, Vasilisa the Wise and The Snow Maiden test the reader on Russia's language and history. A special section of the book explains the importance of following Moscow's strict residency and employment rules, stressing that migrants could otherwise be deported (驱逐出境) or banned from entry.

The manual was written primarily for illegal migrants, Alexander Kalinin, who heads the group Support for Working Migrants in Moscow, told BBC Russian. \"We want to raise their level of law awareness,\" he added.

Migrant characters had initially (最初) been identified as representatives of different nationalities, but the book's authors later decided to drop this idea so as \"not to offend anyone\said Mr. Kalinin.

\"The old conflict between Russian heroes and non-Slavic invaders is being revived,\" Yevgeny Varshaver, a migration expert told BBC Russian. He also suggested that the language used in the book would be \"difficult\" to understand for some migrants who were not native Russian speakers. （1）The underlined word \"antagonists\" in Paragraph 1 can probably be replaced by \"________\". A. friends B. acquaintances C. cooperators D. opponents （2）People from other countries come to Moscow \"________\". A. to find well-paid jobs B. to have a new lifestyle C. to enjoy the fine climate D. to experience a new culture

（3）The third paragraph is mainly about \"________\". A. consequences the migrants may suffer B. the purpose of publishing the handbook

C. the measures to attract foreign migrants D. characters and their functions in Russian fairytales

（4）Which of the following would be the best title of the text? A. Ways to help foreign migrants to settle in Russia B. Characters from Russian fairy tales have new jobs C. More and more foreign migrants to work in Moscow D. Moscow fairy tale comics to help migrants behave 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）B （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了莫斯科当局用童话人物的漫画向移民解释行为规范。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的\"They say a 100-page guide is needed to ‘keep a positive image’of the city and could help reduce \"tensions\" between natives and migrants.\"可知，他们说需要一份100页的手册来保持城市的积极形象，并有助于缓解当地人和移民之间的紧张关系，但批评人士指出，手册中可能把外国移民和本国人视为敌手，由此可知画线词词义为“敌手、对手”，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"Many migrants from ex-Soviet republics in Central Asia, the Caucasus (高加索) and North Caucasus, arrive in Moscow every year, attracted by the capital's job opportunities and relatively high salaries.\"可知，很多移民涌入莫斯科是因为他们被莫斯科相对较高的工作机会和薪水所吸引，故选A。

（3）考查段落大意。根据第三段中的\"The new guide in Russian seeks to explain the ‘dos’ and ‘don'ts’ to migrants.\"可知，新的俄语手册试图向移民解释该做什么和不该做什么，由此可知本段主要是介绍出版新手册的目的，故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的\"Moscow city authorities have begun using comics (漫画) with characters from Russian fairy tales to explain to migrants (移民) how they should behave.\"可知，本文介绍了莫斯科当局用童话人物的漫画向移民解释行为规范，故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，段落大意和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇社会类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Although not as much as in the past, grandparents are the teachers of the Navajo (纳瓦霍人) youth. They make young people aware of life at an early age. The parents grant them the privilege of teaching the children, and the grandparents take great pride in raising the children or at least having a big part in raising them.

Young children often stay with their grandparents for years at a time developing a close and trusting relationship. The grandparents teach the children Navajo legends and the principle of life,

emphasizing both new culture trends and the preservation of traditions.

The grandparents are also often the leading figures in teaching the youth the arts of weaving, caring for the livestock, using herbal medicine, and other arts and crafts.

The children are taught to respect their elders, to care for them, to help them whenever they are in need, and to learn from them. Young people are urged to listen with care to the words of their elders and to keep as much wisdom as possible. Grandparents often go to social gatherings and traditional events, and the young have opportunities to learn more about their culture and traditions.

I live with my grandmother for thirteen years, and she raised me in the old ways of our people. Although I was going to school, she taught me as much as she could about our traditions. She was a beautiful woman. If I had a chance, I would listen again to her wise teachings, expressed with kindness in a soft voice that touched my heart.

We used to plant corn and pumpkin every summer. They never grew big enough to feed us, but we planted them anyway. I asked my grandmother why. She said, \"Grandson, our plants will be far more beautiful than the flowers outside the fence.\" I did not understand until one day I saw their beauty as I was coming over the hill with her. She said, \"Anything that is a part of you is always far more beautiful than the things which you pass by.\" We had some beautiful years together. I am glad she is a part of me and I am a part of her.

Children used to be well disciplined, possessing more respect for culture, tradition, and beliefs than they do now. The world of the Navajo has been influenced by the western world, and the grandparents have less control and influence than they used to. But the young people who have been touched by their teachings have glimpsed a way of life beyond what most people know today.

（1）What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A. Parents hate to take the trouble to raise children. B. Schools are not very popular with the Navajo youth.

C. Grandparents are usually unwilling to teach their grandchildren. D. Children learn about the meaning of life from their grandchildren. （2）Why did the author's grandmother plant corn and pumpkin? A. Because she hated wild flowers. B. Because she needed to feed her family.

C. Because she tried to make her fence more beautiful. D. Because she wanted her grandson to learn a life lesson. （3）What's the author's opinion according to the passage? A. Grandparents are the source of traditional culture. B. His grandmother's teaching could replace schooling. C. The western world is hardly influenced by the Navajos. D. It is impossible to get grandparents involved in teaching again. （4）What's the purpose of the article? A. To honor the author's grandmother. B. To share with readers a Navajo culture.

C. To emphasize the greatness of Navajo. D. To introduce the development of Navajo tribes. 【答案】 （1）D （2）D （3）A （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，作者介绍了纳瓦霍人的一种文化：由祖父母来教育孙子辈，让他们学到生活中的道理。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的\"grandparents are the teachers of the Navajo (纳瓦霍人) youth. They make young people aware of life at an early age.\"可知，祖父母们是年轻人的老师，使年轻人在很小的时候就认识生活。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的\"Grandson, our plants will be far more beautiful than the flowers outside the fence.\"以及 \"Anything that is a part of you is always far more beautiful than the things which you pass by.\"可知，祖母种植玉米和南瓜是为了让作者明白一个生活的道理：任何属于你的东西，总是比你路过的东西更美。从而推断出祖母是想让她的孙子学到人生的一课。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。第一段提出“纳瓦霍人的孙子辈主要由祖父母来教育，他们在抚养孩子方面起了很大的作用”，接着对此进行了详细的介绍。最后一段“那些被他们的祖父母教导所感动的年轻人，已经发找到了一种大多数人今天所不知道的生活方式”。由此可推断出本文主要介绍了纳瓦霍人的一种文化：由祖父母们教育孙子辈，让他们认识生活，学到其中的道理。故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。第一段中的\"grandparents are the teachers of the Navajo (纳瓦霍人) youth. They make young people aware of life at an early age.\"纳瓦霍人的祖父母们成为年轻一代人的老师，在教育孙子辈起着重要的作用。是主旨句，接着下文较为详细地介绍了纳瓦霍人的这种文化。由此可推断出作者是与读者分享一种纳瓦霍人的文化。由选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

March 21 has been declared World Sleep Day, a time to recognize and celebrate the value of sleep. Many sleep experts hope it will be a wake-up call.

According to a poll (调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, nearly 4 in 5 Americans don't get as much sleep as they should during the workweek. On average, adults are thought to need at least eight hours of sleep a night, although some can manage with less and some won't do well without more. But the survey found that, on weekdays, only 21% of Americans actually get a full eight hours of sleep, and another 21% get less than six hours.

To many of us, the thought of spending more time sleeping is, well, a big yawn. On the other hand, the thought of being smarter, thinner, healthier and more cheerful has a certain appeal. And those are just a few of the advantages that can be ours if we consistently get enough sleep,

researchers say. Also on the plus side: We're likely to have better skin, better memories, better judgment, and, oh, yes, longer lives.

“When you lose even one hour of sleep for any reason, it influences your performance the next day,” says Dr. Alon Avidan, director of the UCLA Sleep Disorders Center.

A study published last year found the same to be true even of children. When kids aged 8 to 12 slept for just one hour less for four nights, they didn't function as well during the day.

But sleeping has an image problem.“We see napping or sleeping as lazy,” says Jennifer Vriend, a clinical psychologist in Ottawa, Canada, and the leading author of the study with children.“We put so much emphasis on diet, nutrition and exercise. Sleep is in the back seat. In fact,”she adds,“no matter how much we work out, no matter how well we eat, we can't be in top physical shape unless we also get plenty of sleep.”

（1）The underlined part in Paragraph 1 means .

A. waking up the sleepers B. drawing people's attention C. serving as a morning call D. declaring the special day （2）From Paragraph 3 we can infer that . A. being healthier is one of the advantages for us B. sleeping has nothing to do with one's expectations C. enough sleep is the guarantee of the appealing things D. spending more time in sleeping is a waste of time

（3）What Jennifer Vriend said in the last paragraph implies that . A. people care little about sleeping B. sleeping is an image problem C. lazy people tend to sleep long D. sleeping is only part of our life （4）What is the purpose of the passage? A. To talk about people's sleeping problems. B. To provide an investigation result of sleeping. C. To stress the function of sleeping at night. D. To arouse the awareness of enough sleep. 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）A （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，充足的睡眠对我们非常重要,为了引起人们的足够重视,3月21日被宣布为世界睡眠日。

（1）考查词义猜测。此处指,睡眠专家希望3月21日被宣布为世界睡眠日这件事会引起人们对睡眠的重视。由此可知,a wake-up call含有警钟的意思。与B项表述的意思相近,故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“On the other hand, the thought of being smarter, thinner, healthier and more cheerful has a certain appeal.”可知,充足的睡眠可以使我们更聪明、更苗条、更健康、更快乐等,这些都是有吸引力的事情。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“We put so much emphasis on diet, nutrition and exercise. Sleep is in the back seat.”可知,人们注重饮食、营养和锻炼,不很重视睡眠。故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。这篇文章旨在让人们意识到充足睡眠的重要性,呼吁人们关注睡眠问题。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

LEGO began as one man's small business. But today, it is the second largest toy company in the world. The LEGO company sells small, brightly colored plastic bricks (积木). People can buy LEGO bricks in over 90 countries.

Ole Kirk Kristiansen from Denmark began his own business in 1932. He made products (产品) from wood including colorful wooden toys. Kristiansen's young son, Godtfred, worked with him. Their business helped them make a lot of money.

By 1934, the Kristiansens named their company LEGO, which came from two Danish words, \"leg\" and \"godt\excellent wooden toys.

By 1947, the LEGO company began using a new material (材料) to make their toys — plastic. One of the toys they sold was called the Automatic Binding Brick. A person could put the bricks together to build something. But the bricks did not hold together easily. Still, they were a popular toy.

A few years later, in 19, Godtfred Kirk Kristiansen had a big idea. He wanted all of the LEGO bricks to fit together. Finally, four years later, in 1958, the LEGO company found their answer. They invented the first modern style LEGO brick, which was similar to the Automatic Binding Brick but each piece would fit with any other piece.

Since that time, any toy that the LEGO company created would fit with any other toy they created. Today, LEGO is not only the second largest toy maker in the world, but also making its products a great way for children to learn creative building skills. （1）When the LEGO company was set up, it ________. A.had a rapid growth B.failed to attract children C.invited children to work with it D.was small but successful

（2）What do we know about the Automatic Binding Brick? A.It was liked by few people. B.It was the best of its kind. C.It was a building toy. D.It was made of wood.

（3）The first modern style LEGO brick________. A.fit together perfectly

B.was created by Godtfred and his father C.was invented in the early 1950s

D.differed greatly from the Automatic Binding Brick

（4）What's the best title for the text? A.LEGO: Educational Toys B.LEGO: Play Well

C.Toy Companies: From Small to Big D.Toy Companies: Never Too Late to Create 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）A （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了丹麦知名玩具品牌乐高的发展历程。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“LEGO began as one man's small business”；以及第二段中的“Their business helped them make a lot of money,可知，高公司在创立初期虽然规模不大但盈利很多。因此可知公司规模虽小但很成功，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“A person could put the bricks together to build something.”可知，Automatic Binding Brick是一种拼装积木，可以使用积木组装玩具，故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的\"the first modern style LEGO brick ... each piece would fit with any other piece”可知，现代的乐高积木可以彼此完全贴合，从而组装成一个整体。故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第三段“By 1934, the Kristiansens named their company LEGO, which came from two Danish words, ‘leg’ and ‘godt’， meaning ‘play well’. The LEGO company grew slowly. But it continued to create excellent wooden toys. ”可知，文章介绍了知名积木玩具乐高的发展情况， LEGO在丹麦语中意为\"玩得好”，这是公司制作玩具的宗旨所在， 因此B项作标题概括了文章主旨也表达了乐高的宗旨，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

In our annual Readers' Choice Awards survey, we asked our readers to rate their favorite cities in the world for arts and culture. These cities are centers of music and dance, museums, and theaters. Here are four of them where you can find inspiration in the arts, starting with the top spot. Rome, Italy

At its peak, the Roman Empire extended over nearly two million square miles of land across Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa. Today, that history is on display everywhere. The city's main attractions are famous not because of tourist advertisements, but because they are really so impressive. No wonder it's known as the Eternal City: You could spend forever here and find new artistic and cultural treasures every day. Paris, France

Hemingway famously called Paris \"a moveable feast\

there is always something to see, hear, taste or feel. With some 150 museums, Paris doubles as an art history class, offering the very best of the discipline across centuries and styles. London, United Kingdom

London is inspiration and setting for the rise of Shakespeare, Dickens, Orwell and Eliot and the breeding ground for all those iconic (标志性的) bands: The Kinks, The Clash and The Stones. London is also Banksy's favorite canvas, home to more than 1,000 galleries, and the kind of place where you can spend a whole day in a single museum and still be ready for more when it opens the next morning. Vienna, Austria

As we all know, Western music would be unrecognizable without Austria's capital, which nurtured many famous musicians. It's also the site of the Vienna Secession, a revolutionary art movement founded in 17 by Gustav Klimt. Visitors today can see the fruits of all that creativity in the city's 100 – odd museums.

（1）Why is Rome regarded as the Eternal City? A.It had an important role in history. B.Its history can be seen everywhere. C.People can easily find new art and culture. D.People can spend money well there.

（2）What does the underlined word \"nurtured\" in the last paragraph mean? A.Produced. B.Affected. C.Attracted. D.Changed.

（3）Which column can we probably find the text? A.History. B.Art. C.Education. D.Life.

【答案】 （1）C （2）A （3）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了四个世界上最受喜爱的艺术和文化城市。 （1）考查细节理解。根据 Rome, Italy部分中的“No wonder it's known as the Eternal City: You could spend forever here and find new artistic and cultural treasures every day.”可知难怪它被称为永恒之城：你可以永远在这里度过，每天都能发现新的艺术和文化宝藏。由此可知罗马被视为永恒之城是因为人们可以很容易地找到新的艺术和文化。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据Vienna, Austria部分中的“As we all know, Western music would be unrecognizable without Austria's capital”可知，如果没有奥地利的首都，西方的音乐将是不可识别的，因此推断画线句句意：奥地利诞生了许多著名的音乐家。由此可知划线单词意思为“产生，诞生”，故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“In our annual Readers' Choice Awards survey, we asked

our readers to rate their favorite cities in the world for arts and culture.”可知在一年一度的读者选择奖调查中，我们要求读者对世界上最喜爱的艺术和文化城市进行排名。以及文章内容主要介绍了四个艺术和文化城市，由此可推知文章能够在“艺术”一栏找到。故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 A name is more than just a word. It carries the weight of a person's whole identity. A name can represent a person's ethnicity (种族身份) and culture, or show respect for their ancestral roots. A self-given name may represent a person's beliefs or chosen identity.

Everyone has the right to have their name pronounced correctly. It is a sign of respect for a person's individuality. \"A person's name is to him or her the sweetest and most important sound in any language,\" Dale Carnegie writes in his book How to Win Friends and Influence People. Behind each name is a story, and when a name is anglicized (英语化), mispronounced, or ignored, that story is dismissed.

A name mispronounced for a long time can negatively impact a person's attitude toward their own identity. It can create feelings of shame or embarrassment because they are made to feel like a burden. In the long term, this might cause someone to distance themselves from their roots. They may begin shying away from their native language, culture, and family for the sake of fitting in.

In order to avoid this, many international students living in the U.S. choose English names. People shouldn't have to ignore their identities for the sake of someone else's convenience. Everyone makes mistakes, and not everyone can get a name right on the first try. Mispronouncing a name repeatedly, however, shows a lack of effort. It is not okay to be comfortable with mispronouncing names, and being unfamiliar with a language is no excuse. If you're unsure whether you're pronouncing a name correctly, just ask. Think of it as a way to expand and strengthen understanding, both personally and culturally. When meeting someone for the first time, make sure that you heard the name correctly. It doesn't take a lot to simply repeat the name back. Spell it out. Write it down. Do whatever you have to do to get the name right. Making the effort to correctly pronounce someone's name is an essential part of cultural competency (文化素养). Without this, we cannot expect to show respect and tolerance for our diverse community.

（1）What may a person's name tell us?

A. His cultural background. B. His physical appearance. C. His favorite sound. D. His attitude to life. （2）What's the long-term influence of mispronouncing ones name? A. The feeling of shame may be caused. B. The person may feel over-burdened. C. The character of the person may change. D. The person may try to hide his roots. （3）What does the writer think of mispronouncing a name repeatedly? A. It is unavoidable. B. It is unacceptable.

C. It strengthens friendship. D. It shows discrimination. （4）What's the last paragraph mainly about?

A. How to show our respect for others. B. How to avoid mispronouncing names. C. How to improve our pronunciation. D. How to live harmoniously in a community. 【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）B （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人的名字所代表的含义。一个名字不仅仅是一个单词。它承载着一个人整个身份的重量。名字可以代表一个人的种族和文化，也可以表示对祖先的尊重。一个自取的名字可能代表一个人的信仰或选择的身份。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“A name can represent a person's ethnicity (种族身份) and culture, or show respect for their ancestral roots.”名字可以代表一个人的种族和文化，也可以表示对祖先的尊重。可知，一个人的名字可以告诉他的文化背景。故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“In the long term, this might cause someone to distance themselves from their roots.”从长远来看，这可能会导致一些人远离自己的根。可知，读错名字的长期影响是这个人可能会试图隐藏他的根源。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Mispronouncing a name repeatedly, however, shows a lack of effort. It is not okay to be comfortable with mispronouncing names, and being unfamiliar with a language is no excuse.”然而，反复念错一个名字，表明你缺乏努力。对名字念错感到不舒服是不好的，不熟悉一门语言也不是借口。可知，作者对一个名字反复发错音这是不可接受的。故选B。

（4）考查段落大意。根据第一段中的“If you're unsure whether you're pronouncing a name correctly, just ask. Think of it as a way to expand and strengthen understanding, both personally and culturally.“如果你不确定你的名字发音是否正确，直接问。把它看作是扩展和加强理解的一种方式，无论是个人的还是文化的。”可知，最后一段讲述的是“如何避免名字发音错误。”故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism(相对主义), are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view, however, fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.

History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries, Unique works of this kind are different from today's popular art, even if they began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.

In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because\" the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature,\" the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent. He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years. Works of this type, he believed, spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.

Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art. For example, evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long-lasting themes and plot devices in fiction. The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before. Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.

（1）According to the passage, what do we know about cultural relativism? A. It introduces different cultural values. B. It explains the history of artistic works. C. It relates artistic values to local conditions. D. It excites the human mind throughout the world.

（2）In Paragraph 2, the artists are mentioned in order to show that _____ . A. great works of art can go beyond national boundaries B. history gives art works special appeal to set them apart C. popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts D. great artists are skilled at combining various cultures

（3）According to Hume, some works of art can exist for centuries because_____ . A. they are results of scientific study B. they establish some general principles of art C. they are created by the world's greatest artists D. they appeal to unchanging features of human nature

（4）Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? A. Are Artistic Values Universal? B. Are Popular Arts Permanent? C. Is Human Nature Uniform? D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific? 【答案】 （1）C （2）A （3）D （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了根据文化相对主义，艺术作品在永恒受欢迎的原因是人类的审美具有共同性，并且就此展开说明。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism(相对主义), are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions.”可知根据相对主义，艺术作品就是把艺术的价值与当地的社会经济条件结合在一块，故选C。 （2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries, Unique works of this kind are different from today's popular art, even if they began as works of popular art.”可知不会把莫扎特与日本的音乐进行比较，正如日本的画作与巴黎的画廊进行比较，艺术作品是没有国界

的，故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because‘ the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature,\" the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.’ ”可知Davide曾辩论到风格的原则上是没有变化的，所以一些艺术是可能会永生的，故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。本文主要从相对论的角度来说，艺术的价值只能反应当时的社会经济，但作者提出不同的观点，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

Food festivals are a common occurrence in the UK and take place in all sorts of places and at all sorts of times. Whatever your taste, there's a food festival to match -no matter how specialized. Meatopia

This three-day, London-based festival takes place at the end of August and is a meat lover's paradise. In addition to a range of meat products, from burgers to steaks, attendees can listen to live music, watch butchery shows, and attend informal meat-based workshops. Vegfest

If you prefer a festival that will help you meet your five a day, then Vegfest fest is for you. This vegan-friendly event takes place several times a year. Here you can enjoy a wide selection of freshly prepared vegetables, learn cooking tips and hear talks on nutrition to help you make the most of your plant-based search. The Marmalade Festival

Held in Cumbria, this festival has been running for 13 years. It includes a competition to find the best homemade marmalade. There are thousands of entries from over 30 different countries across the globe.

The Ginger (姜) and spice Festival

The Ginger and spice Festival, held in Market Drayton, celebrates its town's historic connection to Robert Clive, who returned from India with ginger. Because of this, they specialize in baking gingerbread, but also sell a range of spices from mild to hot. The National Honey show

It started in 1921 and is the largest event of its kind. This three-day event attracts over 2000 participants to their traditional competition and offers lectures and workshops on beekeeping and, of course, that syrupy golden honey.

While people's tastes are different from each other, the UK has something to offer most people. From large-scale festivities, to the smaller gatherings, one thing is certain: people are passionate about their food. And while some of the products on offer might be strange to someone, when food is given that much attention, it's unlikely to leave a bad taste in anyone's mouth. （1）Which is TRUE according to the passage? A. People can enjoy a wide selection of meat in Vegfest. B. Meatopia falls on August 31 every year.

C. The Marmalade Festival is just known by the British. D. Robert Clive took ginger to the UK from India.

（2）Which festival will be most a tractive for people having a sweet tooth? A. Meatopia B. The Ginger and spice Festival, C. Vegfest. D. The National Honey show. （3）In which part of a magazine can you most probably find this passage? A. Voice & views. B. Science & Technology. C. Culture D. Sports. 【答案】 （1）D （2）D （3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英国常见的美食节的相关信息。

（1）考查细节理解。根据The Ginger (姜) and spice Festival部分中的\"The Ginger and spice Festival, held in Market Drayton, celebrates its town's historic connection to Robert Clive, who returned from India with ginger\"可知，在德雷顿市场举办的生姜和香料节庆祝了小镇与罗伯特·克莱夫的历史联系，罗伯特·克莱夫从印度带回了生姜。所以罗伯特·克莱夫从印度把姜带回了英国。故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据The National Honey show部分中的\" This three-day event attracts over 2000 participants to their traditional competition, and offers lectures and workshops on beekeeping and, of course, that syrupy golden honey.\"可知，这个为期三天的活动吸引了2000多名参赛者参加他们的传统比赛，并提供有关养蜂的讲座和研讨会，当然，还有甜腻的金色蜂蜜。所以The National Honey show对爱吃甜食的人最有吸引力。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第一段\"Food festivals are a common occurrence in the UK and take place in all sorts of places and at all sorts of times. Whatever your taste, there's a food festival to match -no matter how specialized.\"美食节在英国很常见，在任何地方、任何时间都可以举办。无论你的口味如何，总有一个美食节适合你。所以短文介绍了英国常见的美食节的相关信息。而美食节是文化的一部分。所以判断出最有可能在杂志的文化部分,找到这篇文章。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并步根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.

Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard patterns into which they report each day's events. In other words, there is a traditional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made

narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the \"standard patterns\" of the newsroom seem foreign to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite (精英), so their work tends to reflect the traditional values of this elite. The alarming distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily conflict of world views between reporters and their readers.

This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums (讨论会) and a credibility project devoted to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class prejudices that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. （1）What is the passage mainly about? A. Needs of the readers all over the world.

B. Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers. C. Origins of the declining newspaper industry. D. Aims of a journalism credibility project.

（2）The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______. A. quite trustworthy B. somewhat conflicting C. very informative D. rather shallow （3）The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ______. A. working attitude B. traditional lifestyle C. world outlook D. educational background

（4）Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ______.

A. failure to realize its real problem B. tendency to hire annoying reporters C. likeliness to do inaccurate reporting D. prejudice in matters of race and gender 【答案】 （1）B （2）D （3）C （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，为了解释为什么大众不信任报纸信息，专门做了一个叫新闻可信度项目，结果却是相当得肤浅，大众对报刊的不信任不在于单词拼写错误，语法不对，而是新闻记者和普通读者之间世界观的冲突。

（1）考查主旨大意。本文主要讲述，为了解释为什么大众不信任报纸信息，专门做了一个叫新闻可信度项目，结果却是相当得肤浅，大众对报刊的不信任不在于单词拼写错误，语法不对，而是新闻记者和普通读者之间世界观的冲突，因此本文解释了大众不信任报纸的原因，故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes,”可知，很悲伤的是，这个项目结果却是很多肤浅的发现，比如事实性的错误，单词拼写和语法错误等，因此可知，作者对这个项目的结果很失望，觉得发现很肤浅，故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“The alarming distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily conflict of world views between reporters and their readers.”可知，对新闻媒体不信任不在于信息的不准确和匮乏，而是记者和读者之间世界观的冲突，故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class prejudices that so many former buyers are complaining about.”可知，新闻媒体似乎没有抽出时间去关注文化和阶级的偏见，而这些问题是之前很多读者就一直在抱怨的，故可知，报刊行业依然没有让人满意在于没有认真去关注问题，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行分析推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读理解

The origin of “holiday” is easy to see, coming from “holy day”, a day of particular religious significance, often celebrating the life of a saint (圣徒), during which no work was to be done. As far back as the 11th century, “holidays”, especially the major feast days, were times of “celebration and amusement”, as the Oxford English Dictionary puts it.

The number of holidays steadily increased during the Middle Ages, until a medieval Englishman would have had the luxury of 40 to 50 days a year off work, depending on where he lived, in addition to a free day on Sundays.

During the Reformation, Henry VIII abolished most of the holidays partly because of the Protestant (新教徒的) suspicion of saints, but more practically, because, according to historian Eamon Duffy, “A large number of holidays were making the people poor by limiting agriculture.” The people took a different view and organized a protest march—the Pilgrimage of Grace—partly to protect their days off.

Though at first the religious and festive senses of holiday were combined, the word gradually came to be used for any kind of relaxing break from work. As the word was drawing away from a religious society, the number of authorized holidays was reduced, until by 1834 most workers had only four official days off a year, in addition to Sundays. Many factory workers amplified this time by staying home on “Saint Monday” to recover from what they had gotten up to the day before. By the late 19th century, employers were compromising and offering half-day Saturdays, the beginning of the “weekend”, a term first used in 1879. In 1908, an innovative mill in New England

gave its employees all of Saturday off, and the practice spread widely during the Great Depression as a way to keep employment up. It took 400 years, but finally workers could enjoy as many holidays as they had in the 15th century.

（1）What was the word “holiday” originally intended for?

A. Economy. B. Religion. C. Entertainment. D. Politics. （2）What's the main reason for Henry VIII's ending most holidays according to Eamon Duffy? A. His people required a thorough reformation. B. He didn't believe in God and the saints.

C. People took no interest in the agriculture due to them. D. Too many holidays stood in the way of the agriculture.

（3）Which can best replace the underlined word “amplified” in paragraph 4? A. lengthened B. wasted C. shortened D. guaranteed （4）When did most employees get the whole Saturday off?

A. In 1879. B. In 1908. C. During the Great Depression. D. In the 15th century. 【答案】 （1）B （2）D （3）A （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“holiday”节日所经历的变革和演变过程。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“The origin of ‘holiday’ is easy to see, coming from ‘holy day’, a day of particular eligious significance…”可知“holiday”的起源很容易看出，来源于“holy day”，一个具有特殊宗教意义的日子，故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“A large number of holidays were making the people poor by limiting agriculture.”可知Henry VIII废除大部分节日是因为大量的假期了农业生产，使人们变得贫穷。故选D。

（3）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“Many factory workers amplified this time by staying home on ‘Saint Monday’ to recover from what they had gotten up to the day before.”许多工厂工人在“圣周一”这天呆在家里，从前一天的劳累中恢复过来，从而延长了这段时间。可知amplified意思为“延长”，故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“In 1908, an innovative mill in New England gave its employees all of Saturday off, and the practice of their getting the whole Saturday off spread widely during the Great Depression as a way to keep employment up.”可知周六全天休息始于大萧条时期，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和词义猜测两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。