JOHNSONETAL.:LOW-MOWINGTOLERANCEINBUFFALOGRASS1339ganiccompoundsbyKentuckybluegrassleavesandthatch.J.Envi-ron.Qual.24:980–985.Niemczyk,H.D.,andA.A.Krause.1994.Behaviourandmobilityofpreemergentherbicidesinturfgrass:Afieldstudy.J.Environ.Sci.Health.B29(3):507–539.Niemczyk,H.D.,andH.R.Krueger.1987.Persistenceandmobilityofisazofosinturfgrassthatchandsoil.J.Econ.Entomol.80:950–952.Petrovic,A.M.,W.C.Barrett,I.Larsson-Kovach,C.M.Reid,andD.J.Lisk.1996.Theinfluenceofapeatammendmentandturfdensityondownwardmigrationofmetalaxylfungicideincreepingbent-grasssandlysimeters.Chemosphere33:2335–2340.Primi,P.,M.H.Surgan,andT.Urban.1994.Leachingpotentialofturfcarepesticides:AcasestudyofLongIslandgolfcourses.GroundwaterMonit.Remed.14:129–138.RoyalSocietyofChemistry.1991.Cyproconazole,A1032/Aug.91.TheAgrochemicalshandbook.TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,Cambridge,UK.SASInstitute.1990.SAS/STATuser’sguide.Vol.2.4thed.SASInst.,Cary,NC.Sears,M.K.,andR.A.Chapman.1979.Persistenceandmovementoffourinsecticideresiduesappliedtoturfgrass.J.Econ.Entomol.71:272–274.Stahnke,G.K.,P.J.Shea,D.R.Turpy,R.N.Stougaard,andR.C.Shearman.1991.PendimethalindissipationinKentuckybluegrassturf.WeedSci.39:97–103.Low-MowingToleranceinBuffalograssP.G.Johnson,*T.P.Riordan,andJ.Johnson-CicaleseABSTRACTDrought-tolerantturfgrassesthatcantoleratelowmowingheightsneedtobeidentifiedinordertoobtainreductioninwateruserequiredofturfgrassinmanylocations.Wehavebegunevaluationandselectionofbuffalograss[Buchloe¨dactyloides(Nutt.)Engelm.]attypicalgolfcoursefairwaymowingheights.Alargenumberofaccessionsoriginat-ingfromthroughouttheGreatPlainsofNorthAmerica,withthemajorityfromthenorthernPlains,arebeingmaintainedat1.6-cmmowingheights.Seedlingsfromapolycrossofsixfemalesandfourmalesprovidedsixhalf-sibfamiliestoobserveundersimilarcondi-tions.Turfgrassqualityandgeneticcolordifferedsignificantlyamongentriesinthetrials.Severalvegetativelypropagatedgenotypesyieldedhigh-qualityturfandexhibitedvigorousandcompetitivegrowthunderlowmowing.Whendatawereanalyzedbygender,femalegenotypesperformedbetterthanmaleormonecioustypes.Genotypesmargin-allyhardyinNebraskawerenothardywhenmaintainedatlowmowingheights.Seededvarietiesperformedwellforfallcolor,probablybe-causeofgreatergeneticdiversity.Preliminaryselectionmaybeaccom-plishedathighermowingheightspriortothemorecostlyandtime-consuminglow-mowingevaluations.Resultsindicatethatlow-mowingtolerancemaybeheritableinbuffalograss.Aswaterdemandsincreasethroughouttheworld,turfgrassbreedershaverespondedbyinitiatinganumberofbreedingprogramstodeveloplow-mainte-nance,drought-tolerantturfgrasses.Buffalograsshasbeenthesubjectofsubstantialbreedingworkinthepast15yr,primarilybecauseofitstoleranceofheatanddroughtstressandpotentialforgoodturfgrassquality(Riordanetal.,1993).BuffalograssisnativetotheharshconditionsofthewesternGreatPlainsofNorthAmericafromMexicotosouthernCanada(Beetle,1950).Nu-merousvarietieshavebeendevelopedwithimprovedP.G.Johnson,Dep.ofPlants,Soils,andBiometeorology,4820OldMainHill,Logan,UT84322-4820;T.P.Riordan,Dep.ofHorticulture,377PlantSciences,Univ.ofNebraska,Lincoln,NE68583-0724;J.Johnson-Cicalese,PlantScience,RutgersUniversity,76LipmanDrive,NewBrunswick,NJ001.ResearchwaspartiallyfundedbytheUnitedStatesGolfAssociation.UtahAgriculturalExperimentStation,UtahStateUniversity.ApprovedasPublicationno.7190.Received16Aug.1999.*Correspondingauthor(pjohnson@mendel.usu.edu).PublishedinCropSci.40:1339–1343(2000).turfgrasscharacteristics;however,theuseofbuffa-lograsshasbeenlimitedbytheperceivedneedforhighmowingheightsandlackoffineturfgrassquality.Be-causebuffalograssisconsideredalow-maintenancegrass,turfmanagershavenotusedthespeciesexten-sively,exceptinso-calledno-mowareas,ornamentalplantings,andlow-maintenancelawns.Toobtainthekindofwater-usereductionrequiredinmanylocations,buffalograssmayneedtobeusedinagreaterproportionofthelandscape,includinggolfcourses.Onestresstoovercomeonthegolfcourseistolerancetolowermowingheights,specificallythoserequiredbygolfcoursemanagersforuseongolfcoursefairways.FairwaysaremowedatϽ3cm,muchlowerthanthe≈8cmusuallyconsideredoptimumforbuffalograss.Lowmowingheightsstresstheturfgrassplant,primarilybe-causeofthereductionofphotosyntheticarea.Buffa-lograssexhibitsaprostrategrowthhabitwithvigorousstolonssimilartothelow-mowingtolerantspeciescreepingbentgrass(AgrostispalustrisHuds.)andber-mudagrass(CynodondactylonL.).Thisstudydemonstratestheuseofbuffalograssincloselymowedturf,variationinbuffalograssgermplasmfortolerancetolow-mowing,andpotentialforselectionoftolerancetolowmowingheights.MATERIALSANDMETHODSDatapresentedherearefromthreefieldplantingsandonecrossingblock.AllplantingswerelocatedattheJohnSeatonAndersonTurfgrassandOrnamentalResearchFacility,ontheAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentCenter,locatednearMead,NE.ThesoilisaSharpsburgsiltyclayloam(fine,smectitic,mesicTypicArgiudoll).Area1Area1wasestablishedduringsummerof1990andincluded97vegetativelyestablishedentriesandoneseed-establishedentry.Eachplotwas1.5by1.5m,replicatedthreetimesinarandomizedcompleteblockdesign.Seededplotswereestab-lishedusing146kghaϪ1ofburs.Vegetativelyplantedplotswereestablishedwith12plugs,each7.6cmindiameter,spacedonෂ38-cmcenters.TheaccessionsinArea1wereacollectionfromthroughouttheNorthAmericanGreatPlainsregion,1340CROPSCIENCE,VOL.40,SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER2000Table1.Area1meanturfgrassquality,meancolorratings,andgenderofasubsetofbuffalograssgenotypesunderlow-mowingconditions,from1992to1995.Selection†GenderQuality‡Color§Scale1–986-120¶86-61¶Female6.3b84-315¶Female6.9a#87-76¶††Female6.8ab6.7ab6.9a86-23¶Monecious6.3bc5.9bc87-24Female6.1cd6.3b85-443¶Female6.0cde6.3b85-378Female5.9cdef6.3b85-8¶Female5.8cdef5.5cd84-45-3¶Female5.7def6.4ab87-93¶Male5.6fg5.3de87-80¶Male5.2gh5.9bc87-76¶Monecious5.2gh5.3deTexokaMonecious5.1gh5.2de84-609Seed4.7hi5.6cdPrairieFemaleFemale4.4ij5.7cd4.1j5.9bc4.9e†For‡numbersumarizationTurfgrassofquality98ispresented.purposes,asubsetof16genotypesoutofthetotalratingbasedona1–9scale,1ϭdead;9ϭbest§turfgrass¶ColorGenotypesratingquality.possibleincludedbasedoninathe1-9polycrossscale,1ϭblockcompletelyandparentbrown;ofplants9ϭdarkinevalua-green.#††MeanstionArea87-76with3.wasmonecious,thesameletterbutareexpressednotsignificantly80–90%femaledifferentflowers.atLSD(0.05).withthemajorityfromKansas,Nebraska,andColorado.Sup-plementalirrigationwassuppliedonlyduringtheestablish-mentphase(1990).Thetrialareawasmowedat7.6cmtwicemonthlyduring1990to1991.Mowingheightwasgraduallyloweredin1992,overtwomonths,to1.6cmandmaintainedatthatheightthrough1995.Mowingfrequencyatthelowheightwasonetimeperweekinlatespringandlatesummerandtwiceperweekduringsummer.PesticideapplicationsincludedyearlytreatmentsneartheendofAprilwithpendimethalin[N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzeneamine]andoccasionalspottreatmentswithglyphosate[N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine],whenthebuffalograsswasdormant(Octo-ber–March).Area1wasfertilizedwith146kghaϪ1NyrϪ1appliedasMilorganite(6-2-0;MilwaukeeMetropolitanSewer-ageDistrict,Milwaukee,WI).ApplicationsweresplitamongJune,July,andAugust.Turfgrassquality,color,anddensityratings,basedona1to9scalewhere1isdeadand9isideal,weretakenmonthlyduringthegrowingseason.ColorratingsinlateSeptembertomidOctoberdeterminedfallcolororearlinessofdormancy.Area2Area2included21seededand53vegetativeentriesestab-lishedin1993.Area2wasmowedat7.6cmuntil1995.During1996,theheightwasgraduallyloweredover2moto1.6cm.Allotherplotdesign,accessionorigin,maintenance,andes-tablishmentparametersweresimilartoArea1.Forseededplots,theburswerepretreatedtobreakseeddormancybysoakingin0.1%(w/w)KNO3for48h,drainingofffreesolu-tion,thenstoringat4ЊCfor4wk.Burswerethenair-driedandpreparedforplanting.CrossingBlockAcrossingblockwasestablishedwithgenotypesfromArea1forgeneticrecombination.Sixfemalesandfourmaleswereselectedbecauseofsuperiorperformanceunderlow-mowingconditions.Thesewereplantedinarandomizedblockdesignwithfourreplications.Plotswere1.8by1.8mandestablishedFig.1.Scatterplotofaverageturfqualityin1992to1995vs.geneticcoloraveragesin1992to1995.DataarefromArea1.in1994with20vegetativeplugsperplot.Burswereharvestedinsummerof1995fromeachfemaleparent.Area3Area3wasestablishedin1996withprogenyofthecrossingblock.Caryopseswereremovedfromthebursusingabarleypearler(model17810,Strong&Scott,Chicago,IL)andplantedinconetainers(25cmdeepand6.4cmindiameter,withavolumeof656mL;Stuewe&Sons,Corvallis,OR)inthegreenhouseinJanuary1996.Thesoilmixwas33%peat,33%perlite,and33%siltloamsoil.Thetemperaturewasmaintainedat26ЊCdaysand18ЊCnightswithan18-hphoto-period.TheplantswereϪfertilizedbydrenchingpotsevery2wkwith200mgL1Nsolutionusinga20-10-20fertilizer.SeedlingsweretransplantedtothefieldinMay1996.Theplotareaconsistedofsixhalf-sibfamilieswith10plantsperrow.Rowswere91cmapartinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwithfourreplicationsofeachfamily.LowmowingbeganinlateJulyandplotmaintenancethereafterwassimilartoAreas1and2.Qualityratingsandmorphologicalmeasurementsofplantwidth(diameterofplantattipsofstolons),lengthofsecondinternode,andnumberofleavesonsecondinternodeweremadeduring1997.Anadjacentareaincludedseed-estab-lishedplotswithbulkedseedfromeachmaternalparent.TheseplotswerebroadcastseededinMay1996,thenmanagedthesameastheindividualplantpopulations.StatisticalAnalysisAllanalysesweredoneusingSASforWindows6.12.WeusedPROCGLMforallanalysisofvariancetestsandFi-scher’sprotectedLSDformeanseparationatthe0.05level.Whenmissingdatawerepresent,leastsquaresmeansandttestswereusedforindividualcomparisons(LSMEANSandTDIFFoption).Totestforsignificantvariationbetweenfami-liesinArea3,wesubjectedtheabsolutevalueofresidualsfromanalysisofvarianceofturfgrassqualitymeasurementstoanalysisofvariancethemselves.PROCCORRwasusedforcorrelationanalysis.Thevariancecomponentmethodwasusedtoestimateheritabilityoftraitsonanentry-meanbasis.RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONArea1Turfgrassqualityandgeneticcolordifferedsignifi-cantlyamongentriesinArea1.SeveralvegetativelyJOHNSONETAL.:LOW-MOWINGTOLERANCEINBUFFALOGRASS1341Table2.Area2meanturfgrassqualityandmeanfallcolorratingsforasubsetofbuffalograssgenotypesattwomowingheights.Quality‡at1.6-cmmowingheight(1996–1997)7.0a¶5.9b5.6b5.6b5.5b5.5b5.3b5.1b5.1b5.0bc4.1cd3.7d3.6d3.2d1.6e1.3eQualityat7.6-cmmowingheight(1994–1995)Scale1–97.0a6.0bc6.3ab6.0bc6.3ab5.6bcd6.4ab6.3ab5.8bc5.6bcd6.3ab5.1cde4.0fg4.8def3.4g4.1fgFallcolor§(1994–1997)3.0f5.0bcd3.0f4.3cde4.0def5.0b3.3ef5.7b4.3c3.3ef7.0a5.3bc5.3gc5.3bc6.0ab5.0bcSelection†92-13591-11492-10492-12584-31593-537-992-11591-11693-50184-371-118TopgunSharpsImprovedTexoka84-609PrairieGenderFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleSeedFemaleMaleSeedFemaleFemaleSeedSeedSeedFemaleFemale†Forsummarizationpurposes,asubsetof16genotypesoutofthetotalnumberof74ispresented.‡Turfgrassqualityratingbasedona1–9scale,1ϭdead;9ϭbestpossibleturfgrassquality.§Fallcolorratingbasedona1–9scale,1ϭcompletelybrown;9ϭdarkgreen.Fallcolorisnotinfluencedbymowingheight,thereforedataisaveragedover1994–1997.¶MeanswiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferentatLSD(0.05).propagatedgenotypesyieldedhigh-qualityturfandex-hibitedvigorousandcompetitivegrowthunderlow-mowing,especially86-61,86-120,and84-315(Table1).Thesegenotypes,especially86-61,encroacheduponlesser-adaptedgenotypesandspreadintoanareagreaterthantwicethesizeoftheoriginalplot.Thehigherdensityofvegetativelypropagated,orclonal,cultivarswasimportantinthisimprovedturfgrassqual-ity(Riordanetal.,1993).Theseededplot,‘Texoka’,didnottoleratelow-mow-ingconditions(Table1).Thiscultivarisaforagetypeandnotadaptedtoturfgrassconditionsatsuchlowmowingheights.Manyplotshadlowratingsduetosubstantiallow-temperatureinjury.Inevaluationsathighermowingheights,manyofthesesamegenotypes(i.e.,84-609)recoveredfromwinterdamage(datanotpresented)anddidnotdieoutcompletely.Thestressoflowmowingheightspluslowtemperaturesistoosevereforthesegenotypesinthenorthernregions.Low-mowingevaluationsinsouthernregionswouldbeabet-tertestofthesesouthern-adaptedgenotypes.Theaverageperformanceofallplotsinthistrialwasquitehighinoverallplotappearanceandindicatedgen-erallygoodlow-mowingtoleranceinabroadrangeofbuffalograssaccessions.Geneticcolorratingswerecor-relatedwithturfgrassquality(Fig.1).Densityandturf-grassqualityshowedaverysimilarassociation(rϭ0.38;PϽ0.0001).WhenArea1datawereanalyzedbygender,meanturfgrassqualityforfemalegenotypeswas5.3(ona1–9scale),whichwassignificantlybetter(PϽ0.05)thanmalesormonecioustypes,bothofwhichexhibiteda5.0meanturfgrassquality.Femalebuffalograssgenotypesoftenexhibitbetterturfgrassqualitythanmalesbecausetheirflowersarehiddenwithinthecanopyandarethesamecolorastheleaves.Maleflowersareproducedabovetheleafcanopywithanthercolorsrangingfromyellowtopurple.Otherwise,malesandfemalesaremor-phologicallyidentical.Area2InArea2,severalgenotypeshadhighturfgrassqual-ityratings,especially92-135(Table2).Area2included21seed-establishedpopulationsderivedfrommaleandfemalegenotypesspecificallyselectedforimprovedtur-fgrassquality(Klingenberg,1992).Significantimprove-mentsareevidentcomparedwiththeforagevarietiesTexokaandSharpsImproved(Table2).Nooverallgenderdifferenceswereobservedforturf-grassquality.Theperformanceofmaleplantsshowedtheopportunityforadditionalselectionofmaleparentsforuseinseededvarieties.However,femalegenotypesdominatedamongthetopperformers(Table2).Onlyonemaleandtwoseededvarietiesappearedinthetoptenforturfgrassquality.Theunbalanceddataset(un-equalnumbersofmalesandfemales)andvariationwithingendersmayexplainwhyoverallmeanswerenotsignificant.Fallcolorperformanceyieldedoppositerankingscomparedwithsummerturfgrassquality,asindicatedbyanegativeSpearmanrankcorrelation(Ϫ0.15;PϽ0.05).Mosttop-performingentriesforquality(duringsummer)hadpoorfallcolor(Table2).GenotypesinTable3.Area3populationmeansofturfgrassqualityandmor-phologicaldataforprogenyfrompolycrossofbuffalograssparentsselectedforlow-mowingtolerance.MaternalTurfquality†Establishment‡PlantwidthInternodelengthparent19971996July1997§July199786-6185-886-12085-44384-31586-23Scale1–95.3a¶5.2a4.2b4.0b3.8b3.1c36.7ab30.0ab46.7a6.7d26.7bc13.3cdcm38.5ab39.9a35.9b30.4c27.6cd24.2dmm27.6bc30.0ab30.9ab32.1a24.9c30.9ab†Turfgrassqualityratingbasedona1–9scale,1ϭdead;9ϭbestpossibleturfgrassquality.‡Percentageplotcoverage.§Measuredasplantdiameterattipsofstolons.¶MeanswiththesameletterwithinacolumnarenotsignificantlydifferentatLSD(0.05).1342CROPSCIENCE,VOL.40,SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER2000Table4.Variationamongbuffalograssfamiliesinevaluationarea3,in1997.Meanabsolutevalueofresidualsturfgrassquality1.12a†1.01ab0.85abc0.80bc0.61c0.61cSelection85-44386-2386-6184-31585-886-120†MeanswiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferentatLSD(0.05).Area2arenortherntypes(adaptedtothenorthernGreatPlains)andgodormantearlyinfallformaximumwinterhardiness.Southern-adaptedgenotypeslike84-609and91-118haveexcellentfallcolor,butreducedqualityratingsbecauseofwinterinjury.Genotype91-118providedexcellentturfqualityinNebraskaandwasnotaffectedbywintertemperaturesinmostyearswhenmowedat8ϩcm(Riordanetal.,2000).However,underlow-mowingconditions,therewassignificantwinterkillinthisgenotype.Ifbuffalograssistobemowedbelow2.5cminthenorthernUnitedStatesandCanada,genotypesmustbewelladaptedtothatenvironment.Genotype91-118wouldbeexpectedtotoleratelowmowingsouthofNebraska,orinareaswithevenslightlywarmerwinters.Testsof91-118mowedat2.5cminLogan,UT,showednowinterinjuryeffects(KevinFrank,1998,personalcommunication).Seededvarietiesperformedwellforfallcolor(Table2),eventhoseadaptedtonorthernregions,probablybecauseoftheirgreatergeneticdi-versity.Inmostcases,top-rankinggenotypesinArea2alsoexcelledwhenmowedathigherheights.Genotypes86-120,86-61,and315hadbeenselectedforcultivardevel-opmentpriortolow-mowingevaluations(Riordanetal.,1995;Johnsonetal.,2000;Johnson-Cicaleseetal.,2000).Inaddition,92-135inArea2exhibitedhighrat-ingspriortolow-mowingevaluation(Table2).There-fore,preliminaryselectionmaybemadeathighermow-ingheightspriortothemorecostlyandtime-consuminglow-mowingevaluations.Area3Low-mowingtoleranceappearstobeinheritedinbuf-falograss.Ingeneral,maternalparentsthatexhibitedexceptionalturfgrassqualityatlowmowingheights,pro-ducedexceptionalperformingprogeny.Genotype86-61,thehighestqualitygenotypeinArea1(Table1)andothertests(Johnsonetal.,2000),yieldedprogenythatgavethehighestmeanforturfgrassquality(Table3).Genotype85-8isanexception.AlthoughhavingFig.2.Histogramsofturfgrassqualityratingsunderlow-mowingforprogeniesofsixhalf-sibfamiliesevaluatedinArea3in1997.JOHNSONETAL.:LOW-MOWINGTOLERANCEINBUFFALOGRASS1343alowerturfgrassqualityaveragethanothermaternalparentsinthisevaluation(Table1),85-8producedprogenywithaqualitymeanequalto86-61(Table3).Bulk-seededplotsfromeachfemaleparentyieldednosignificantdifferences.Theestimateofheritabilityforturfgrassquality,basedontheoneyear’sdataavailable,is0..Turfgrassqualityhasbeenshowntobeheritableinbuffalograss(Klingenberg,1992;Browningetal.,1994),butadditionalexperimentsmustbeperformedtoobtainaccurateestimatesforlow-mowingcharacter-istics.MorphologicaldataonplantsinArea3wererecordedinanattempttoquantifycharacteristicsthatarecorre-latedwithlow-mowingtolerance.Plantwidth,orspread,wassignificantlycorrelatedwithturfgrassqualityunderlowmowing(rϭ0.82;PϽ0.0001).Densitywasassoci-atedwithlow-mowingtolerance,asobservedinAreas1and2,butdensityapparentlywasnotinfluencedbynodespacingonthespreadingstolons.Internodelengthshowednorelationships(rϭ0.03;Pϭ0.68).Neitherwasleafnumberpernodecorrelatedwithturfgrassqual-ity(rϭ0.04;Pϭ0.61).Inadditiontodifferencesinturfgrassquality,familiesdifferedsignificantlyinvariationamongprogeny(Table4).Parentgenotypes84-443and86-23(Fig.2)werethemostvariable,while86-120and85-8(Fig.2)wereleastvariable.Thisvariationamongprogeniesofthematernalparentsdidnotsignificantlyaffectanalysisofvarianceformeans.Therefore,turfgrassqualitydatawerenottransformed.Within-familyvariationisimpor-tantintwoways.First,within-familyvariationishelpfulindevelopingseededvarietiestoleranttolow-mowingbecauseparentgenotypesthatproducelessvariableprogenyaremostdesirable.Second,variationinsomefamiliesindicatesadditionalpotentialforselectionandisagoodindicationofcomplexgeneticsgoverningthelow-mowingtolerancetrait.Theseevaluationsindicatesignificantgeneticpoten-tialfordevelopingbuffalograsscultivarstobeusedasafairwayturfinsemiaridandaridregions,especiallywherewatersuppliesarelimitingorirrigationiscostprohibitive.Whileturfgrassqualityisnotequaltoirri-gatedcreepingbentgrass,perennialryegrass(LoliumperenneL.),andKentuckybluegrass(PoapratensisL.),qualityisacceptableconsideringthelackofirrigationinputs.Animportanttraitneededifbuffalograssistobesuccessfullyusedinlow-mowingturfgrasssituationsisrecuperativeabilityfollowingtraffic.Preliminarytestsoftrafficsimulationanddivotingofbuffalograssmowedat1.6cmhaveindicatedgoodrecoverypotential(datanotpresented).Environmentalandmanagementcondi-tions,especiallynutritionandwaterstatusoftheturf,willbeimportanttoenhancetraffictoleranceorre-covery.REFERENCESBeetle,A.A.1950.Buffalograss—Nativeoftheshortgrassplains.Univ.ofWyo.Agric.Exp.Stn.Bull.293.Laramie,WY.Browning,S.J.,T.P.Riordan,R.K.Johnson,andJ.Johnson-Cicalese.1994.Heritabilityestimatesofturf-typecharacteristicsinbuffa-lograss.HortScience29:204–205.Johnson,P.G.,T.P.Riordan,R.E.Gaussoin,andR.C.Shearman,J.Johnson-Cicalese,F.B.Baxendale,R.V.Klucas.2000.Registrationof‘61’buffalograss.CropSci.40:569–570.Johnson-Cicalese,J.,P.G.Johnson,T.P.Riordan,R.E.Gaussoin,F.B.Baxendale,J.Watkins,andRV.Klucas.2000.Registrationof‘120’buffalograss.CropSci.40:571–572.Klingenberg,J.P.1992.Evaluation,geneticvariation,andselectionforimprovementofaseeded,turf-typebuffalograsspopulation(Buchloedactyloides[Nutt.]Engelm).Dep.ofHorticulture,Univ.ofNebraska,Lincoln.Riordan,T.P.,S.A.deShazer,J.M.Johnson-Cicalese,F.P.Baxendale,M.C.Engleke,R.E.Gaussoin,G.L.Horst,andR.C.Shearman.1995.Registrationof‘315’buffalograss.CropSci.35:1206.Riordan,T.P.,S.A.deShazer,J.M.Johnson-Cicalese,andR.C.Shearman.1993.Anoverviewofbreedinganddevelopmentofbuffalograss.Int.TurfgrassSoc.Res.J.7:816–822.Riordan,T.P.,R.E.Gaussoin,R.C.Shearman,P.G.Johnson,J.John-son-Cicalese,F.B.Baxendale,R.V.Klucas.2000.Registrationof‘118’buffalograss.CropSci.40:570–571.
